![]() Right, activation normalized to the endpoints (location 0 or 1), highlighting the change in activation away from the endpoints. b), Left, relative activation in response to images interpolated (in the code space) between two optimized images from two different random initial conditions. a), Distributions of fractional change in optimized activation if 10 different random initializations are used. XDream is implemented in Python, released under the MIT License, and works on Linux, Windows, and MacOS.Ī,b,c), Effect of using different random initializations. Overall, XDream is an efficient, general, and robust algorithm for uncovering neuronal tuning preferences using a vast and diverse stimulus space. These results establish expectations and provide practical recommendations for using XDream to investigate neural coding in biological preparations. Lastly, we found no significant advantage to problem-specific parameter tuning. Furthermore, XDream is robust to choices of multiple image generators, optimization algorithms, and hyperparameters, suggesting that its performance is locally near-optimal. XDream extrapolates to different layers, architectures, and developmental regimes, performing better than brute-force search, and often better than exhaustive sampling of >1 million images. XDream can efficiently find preferred features for visual units without any prior knowledge about them. We also explored design and parameter choices. We evaluated how the method compares to brute-force search, and how well the method generalizes to different neurons and processing stages. ![]() We use ConvNet units as in silico models of neurons, enabling experiments that would be prohibitive with biological neurons. Here we extensively and systematically evaluate the performance of XDream. A new method termed XDream (EXtending DeepDream with real-time evolution for activation maximization) combined a generative neural network and a genetic algorithm in a closed loop to create strong stimuli for neurons in the macaque visual cortex. The characterization of effective stimuli has traditionally been based on a combination of intuition, insights from previous studies, and luck. Kune Gueye came from Senegal to Nashville for a better life, but she had to overcome yards of red tape to earn her American dream.A longstanding question in sensory neuroscience is what types of stimuli drive neurons to fire. To make a living, she turned to a skill she had honed over years of practice in her homeland – braiding hair. With a strong back and a talent for creating beautiful styles, combs and hair oils, Gueye began braiding at her Louisville, Kentucky, home - frequently working 12-hour days. Within weeks, she was able to pay her bills and send money to her family back home. She was married and had three children by then and wanted to expand. ![]() She was working in her salon, Kine Hair Braiding, one day when an inspector knocked. “I told her I had been braiding for years, and I did not know you had to have a license.” “She told me she was from the state Board of Cosmetology…and that I was not allowed to do hair without a license,” Gueye said. Gueye and other braiders in Kentucky won the right to braid without a license when Republican Governor Matt Bevin signed a law in April to exempt them from the cosmetology school and license requirement. #Kine hair braiding louisville ky license Nebraska's legislature passed a similar measure in March. These victories aside, braiders in several states still battle regulations that require them to undergo up to 2,100 hours of instruction at cosmetology schools. These can cost more than $12,000, even though few such programs teach braiding. Seventeen states regulate braiding the same way they do traditional cosmetology, and 16 states require a special braiding license. Eighteen do not regulate braiding, said Paul Avelar, senior attorney for the Institute for Justice, a self-described libertarian law firm in Arlington, Virginia. ![]() It has helped braiders fight such rules in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, Utah and Washington, D.C., since its founding 25 years ago. The institute's first case, in 1992, was Taalib-Din Abdul Uqdah v. #Kine hair braiding louisville ky license.
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